When travelers cross into Loudoun County, Virginia, they may not notice the buildings at first, but they will hear them. A steady humming sound runs through parts of the county, produced by the 199 data centers that now occupy large stretches of land.
Loudoun County has grown into the world’s largest data storage hub, surpassing major global technology zones. Data centers, which house servers that power the internet and artificial intelligence, have become central to the county’s economy. They account for around 40 percent of its budget and occupy roughly 3 percent of its land area. Local officials say the industry brings billions in tax revenue and supports thousands of jobs.
Yet the rapid expansion is creating tensions among residents.
Concerns Over Encroachment
Residents like Emily Kasabian say they deliberately chose neighborhoods far from industrial development. But earlier this year, she noticed a sign announcing a proposed data center directly across from her home.
“I would not have bought this house if I had known,” she said. “People came here for the peace and space.”
Others, like Loudoun resident Greg Pirio, say the noise from nearby facilities has changed their surroundings. He recalls when the area was quiet with birds in the trees. Today, the constant buzzing from cooling equipment has driven out some local wildlife.
Impact on Electricity Costs
Another concern is energy pricing. Data centers use significant amounts of electricity. In some areas of northern Virginia, wholesale electricity prices have risen sharply over the last five years. Residents and analysts say the growth of data centers is a contributing factor.
Economic Opportunity and Quality of Life
Supporters of the industry note that data centers are essential for sectors such as finance, communications, healthcare, and artificial intelligence. National policymakers have identified data infrastructure as key to maintaining global competitiveness.
The sector is estimated to support over 74,000 jobs in Virginia and continues to attract major firms such as Amazon and Google. Loudoun County recognized the opportunity early and offered land and permitting support more than a decade ago. The region’s history as a center of early internet development provided the workforce and infrastructure needed for growth.
Debate Over Regulation
While some lawmakers have proposed limits on the pace and placement of new data centers, others argue that too much regulation could slow economic growth. Industry groups say it is more important to improve communication with communities and address concerns as projects advance.
But residents like Barbara Day believe planning has not kept up.
“These centers went up faster than we understood the consequences,” she said. “Now we are reacting after the damage has begun.”
Looking Ahead
More than 1,100 data centers operate across the United States, with several hundred more under development. Loudoun County remains a core hub in this expansion.
Residents continue to petition authorities for stronger zoning rules, environmental protections, and distance requirements near homes.
Kasabian says her family may eventually reconsider living in the county if development continues unchecked.
“What makes this a good place to live is at risk,” she said. “If we do not plan for the long term now, the character of the community will change.”
