Data centres powering artificial intelligence (AI) systems in Scotland are using enough tap water each year to fill 27 million half-litre bottles, according to new data obtained by BBC News.
These centres, which host the powerful computers behind AI tools such as ChatGPT and Google’s Gemini, use large volumes of energy and water to keep servers cool and running efficiently.
Freedom of Information records show that tap water use by Scotland’s data centres has quadrupled since 2021, driven by the rapid expansion of digital services and the global boom in AI.
There are currently 16 data centres operating in Scotland, with more expected to open in the coming years. While such facilities have long powered online banking, streaming, and cloud services, the rise of generative AI has sharply increased both energy and water consumption.
Scottish Water described the increase as significant, though it represents only about 0.005 percent of the country’s total water supply. Still, the agency says the trend highlights the need for the industry to find more sustainable cooling methods.
“We would like to look for other alternative solutions rather than using precious tap water,” said Colin Lindsay, operations manager at Scottish Water.
Most of Scotland’s data centres currently use “open-loop” cooling systems that rely on a continuous supply of mains water. The industry is now shifting toward “closed-loop” systems, which recycle a fixed amount of water and reduce overall use.
Lindsay explained that while closed-loop systems can require more energy, Scottish Water is encouraging developers to locate open-loop facilities near wastewater treatment plants. These could use treated effluent instead of fresh drinking water, easing the strain on public supplies.
“If we had to supply all that with tap water, then that would be a real concern,” he said.
A large AI industrial park near Irvine in Ayrshire, confirmed last month, is expected to add to demand. Scottish Water says it is working with developers to ensure new projects use sustainable designs and reduce pressure on the nation’s water resources.
